Regular exercise is important to avoid illness and encourage normal behaviour patterns in most pet animals
If you accept the responsibility of keeping a pet you must appreciate that, for most animals, regular exercise is very important for their well-being. To deny an animal the space and opportunity it needs to exercise can result in abnormal behavioural patterns as well as ill health. Reptiles and insects are a few of the species which prefer confined spaces and do not take the opportunity to exercise if allowed to do so.
Typical examples of pets being deprived of exercise are:
cats kept in flats - where there is simply no opportunity for them to exercise properly
dog owners who work all day and play at nights and weekends - without building an exercise period for their dog into their daily routine
rabbits and guinea pigs that are kept confined to a cage or hutch all year round without access to an exercise run
hamsters that are kept in a small cage and not provided with a wheel or an exercise ball, and
birds without enough flight space in their cage.
Studies in humans have clearly shown the psychological and physical benefits of regular exercise, resulting in an improved quality of life, reduced susceptibility to illness and increased life-span.
Exercise is important as it allows our pets to express their normal instinctive behavioural traits including inquisitive exploration, the use of scent, sight and hearing, tracking, stalking, play-fighting, play-defensive behaviour, hiding, attacking, chasing, greeting members of the same species, dealing with strange objects and dealing with animals from different species. Exercise also encourages the development of a normal daily toilet routine. Cats and dogs deprived of regular exercise and confined to the home may develop anti-social behaviour patterns including destructive behaviour, aggressive territorial guarding, house soiling and vocalisation when left alone without human companionship.
A degree of exercise (but not excessive exercise) is needed for normal muscular and skeletal development in young, growing animals. Animals deprived of exercise will develop poor muscle conformation (due to muscle atrophy) and a sedentary life-style which will predispose them to develop obesity and other disorders.
The most common adverse effect of insufficient exercise is obesity and all pets can develop this if they are fed too many calories. Millions of pet dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, ponies and birds (which are "loved" by their owners) are obese simply because owners do not control calorie intake and provide insufficient exercise, or because they have encouraged or enforced the development of a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity (which will be the subject of another Provet Petfacts article) has all sorts of negative effects on the body - and it can make various diseases worse (eg heart disease, orthopaedic disease, skin disease). Obesity also plays an important role in the cause of some common diseases - including diabetes mellitus.
How much exercise should be given ?
Given the opportunity most animals will regulate their own exercise, but it is important to encourage regular exercise from an early age - otherwise sedentary behaviour can be difficult to change once it is established. Small pets should be given sufficient space in their home to be able to move around and they should be given access to exercise areas (eg runs) or exercise toys - eg wheels, balls.
Different breeds of dog require different levels of activity. Large and Giant Breed working dogs clearly require much more exercise than small lap dogs. Twice daily exercise periods - for at least 20 minutes duration - should be regarded as a minimum. Cats will exercise themselves if allowed outside for sufficient periods of time.
Where should exercise be given ?
Owners of pets should show consideration for other members of society. Cats and dogs will both defaecate and urinate during exercise periods so they should have their toilet behaviour controlled so that they defaecate in places where the faeces can be cleared up (eg using a poop-scoop) without causing unnecessary inconvenience to other members of the public. Cats can be trained to use litter trays at home, and dogs should never be allowed to defaecate on other peoples property, on pavements or in public places where children play. In urban areas and in public parks or on public beaches the exercise of dogs is usually controlled by local legislation and you should only exercise your pets where you are allowed to.
If you accept the responsibility of keeping a pet you must appreciate that, for most animals, regular exercise is very important for their well-being. To deny an animal the space and opportunity it needs to exercise can result in abnormal behavioural patterns as well as ill health. Reptiles and insects are a few of the species which prefer confined spaces and do not take the opportunity to exercise if allowed to do so.
Typical examples of pets being deprived of exercise are:
cats kept in flats - where there is simply no opportunity for them to exercise properly
dog owners who work all day and play at nights and weekends - without building an exercise period for their dog into their daily routine
rabbits and guinea pigs that are kept confined to a cage or hutch all year round without access to an exercise run
hamsters that are kept in a small cage and not provided with a wheel or an exercise ball, and
birds without enough flight space in their cage.
Studies in humans have clearly shown the psychological and physical benefits of regular exercise, resulting in an improved quality of life, reduced susceptibility to illness and increased life-span.
Exercise is important as it allows our pets to express their normal instinctive behavioural traits including inquisitive exploration, the use of scent, sight and hearing, tracking, stalking, play-fighting, play-defensive behaviour, hiding, attacking, chasing, greeting members of the same species, dealing with strange objects and dealing with animals from different species. Exercise also encourages the development of a normal daily toilet routine. Cats and dogs deprived of regular exercise and confined to the home may develop anti-social behaviour patterns including destructive behaviour, aggressive territorial guarding, house soiling and vocalisation when left alone without human companionship.
A degree of exercise (but not excessive exercise) is needed for normal muscular and skeletal development in young, growing animals. Animals deprived of exercise will develop poor muscle conformation (due to muscle atrophy) and a sedentary life-style which will predispose them to develop obesity and other disorders.
The most common adverse effect of insufficient exercise is obesity and all pets can develop this if they are fed too many calories. Millions of pet dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, ponies and birds (which are "loved" by their owners) are obese simply because owners do not control calorie intake and provide insufficient exercise, or because they have encouraged or enforced the development of a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity (which will be the subject of another Provet Petfacts article) has all sorts of negative effects on the body - and it can make various diseases worse (eg heart disease, orthopaedic disease, skin disease). Obesity also plays an important role in the cause of some common diseases - including diabetes mellitus.
How much exercise should be given ?
Given the opportunity most animals will regulate their own exercise, but it is important to encourage regular exercise from an early age - otherwise sedentary behaviour can be difficult to change once it is established. Small pets should be given sufficient space in their home to be able to move around and they should be given access to exercise areas (eg runs) or exercise toys - eg wheels, balls.
Different breeds of dog require different levels of activity. Large and Giant Breed working dogs clearly require much more exercise than small lap dogs. Twice daily exercise periods - for at least 20 minutes duration - should be regarded as a minimum. Cats will exercise themselves if allowed outside for sufficient periods of time.
Where should exercise be given ?
Owners of pets should show consideration for other members of society. Cats and dogs will both defaecate and urinate during exercise periods so they should have their toilet behaviour controlled so that they defaecate in places where the faeces can be cleared up (eg using a poop-scoop) without causing unnecessary inconvenience to other members of the public. Cats can be trained to use litter trays at home, and dogs should never be allowed to defaecate on other peoples property, on pavements or in public places where children play. In urban areas and in public parks or on public beaches the exercise of dogs is usually controlled by local legislation and you should only exercise your pets where you are allowed to.